Remember your father’s pension plan? Before the days of restrictive government regulation, many companies offered one basic variety of pension plan — the defined benefit plan. With these plans, employers were responsible for pension plan contributions and employees could count on a fixed retirement income.
Enter the 1980s. Government began to strangle defined benefit plans, while defined contribution plans, such as 401(k)s, exploded onto the retirement benefits scene. They were easier to understand, slightly less expensive to administer and employee-driven. And, unlike defined benefit plans, the onus of saving for retirement fell on employees’ shoulders. Defined benefit plans were terminated at a record pace.
Now, three factors are renewing interest in defined benefit plans — less-than-expected retirement benefits, a higher tax rate structure and an increasingly older population.
Recent studies show that Americans, particularly higher-income workers and business owners, may face a retirement income shortfall. Higher taxes on Social Security benefits, more active retirement lifestyles (and resulting expenses) and a lack of savings discipline are a few of the factors that may contribute to this shortfall.
The latter may be exacerbated by defined contribution plans. When employees lack the discipline to save or the savvy to make their investment choices pay, it is their retirement savings that suffer. Contrast the differences between defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans using the help of a theoretical bucket.
With some defined contributions, such as 401(k) plans, employees have individual buckets with their names on them. Each employee contributes — or doesn’t contribute — to his or her bucket and, depending on the performance of the investment, the employee takes from that individual bucket at retirement.
With defined benefit plans, everybody’s share comes from the same bucket. The plan has a built-in discipline and a benefit — typically 60 percent to 75 percent of the average of an employee’s last three years’ salary — that are dependable. This bucket is filled as needed to cover retirement liabilities. Defined benefit plans are fully paid by the employer.
While defined benefit plans may be attractive to employees who have a hard time saving on their own, they are also more attractive to employers these days. First, contributions to the plan and administrative expenses are tax-deductible. Second, defined benefit plans offer advantages for older owners and key employees.
Annual contributions to a defined contribution plan are limited by law to $40,000. Not so with defined benefit plans — you can pay what is needed for retirement. For older owners and employees, this element is key because they’ve had less time to save than younger individuals.
This also is particularly effective for higher-paid individuals, who can occupy an effective tax rate tier as high as 50 percent during their working years. If these people expect a lower tax rate during retirement, today’s tax-sheltered savings can equal added retirement dollars tomorrow.
Defined benefit plans aren’t for everyone. Candidates typically are companies with owners at least in their 40s, with a stable profit history and the ability to meet plan contributions that can vary from year to year. Additionally, restrictions and regulations for these plans still exist.
Overfunding and termination of these plans present special challenges, but a qualified financial adviser can suggest flexible options in these instances — more flexible than you might think.
And, contrary to popular belief, defined benefit plans are not only for the largest companies. When business owners need to contribute more to a pension than defined contribution plans allow or they want an alternative vehicle to lessen today’s increased tax burden, defined benefit plans are increasingly attractive.
James L. Cook Jr. is president of National Financial Services Group. Reach him through the company’s Web site, www.nationalfinancialservicesgroup.com. Securities and Investment advisory services are offered solely by Equity Services Inc., a Registered Broker/Dealer and Investment Adviser, 1050 Crown Pointe Parkway, Suite 1000, Atlanta, GA 30338. National Financial Services Group is independent of Equity Services Inc.
